The interaction between T cells, neoantigens and MHCs is one of the most complex in biology.

T 细胞、新抗原和 MHC 之间的相互作用是生物学中最复杂的相互作用之一。

And to find out which mutations lead to neoantigens, researchers can use sequencing.

为了找出哪些突变会产生新抗原，研究人员可以使用测序技术。

Mutant peptides that can trigger an immune response, and are specific to the tumour, are called neoantigens.

可以触发免疫反应并对肿瘤具有特异性的突变肽被称为新抗原。

Sequencing can also reveal what what the MHC molecules will look like and, together with the mutant protein sequences, this can predict which neoantigens cells will display.

测序还可以揭示 MHC 分子会是什么样子，并且与突变蛋白序列一起， 这可以预测哪些新抗原细胞会显示。

Only T cells with the right receptors will be able to spot a cancer's neoantigens and there are vast numbers of different receptors.

只有具有正确受体的 T 细胞才能发现癌症的新抗原，并且存在大量不同的受体。

But this is only half the story because even when neoantigen MHC complexes are produced, the immune system might still miss them and fail to respond to the threat.

但这只是故事的一半，因为即使产生了新抗原 MHC 复合物，免疫系统仍可能错过它们并且无法应对威胁。

And this information is already helping tailor treatments to patients' own unique immune systems. Vaccines put the body on high alert for a threat, so a cancer vaccine could boost the concentration of a tumour's neoantigens, switching on the immune system.

这些信息已经在帮助为患者自身独特的免疫系统量身定制治疗方案。 疫苗让身体对威胁保持高度警惕，因此癌症疫苗可以提高肿瘤新抗原的浓度， 从而启动免疫系统。