龙山文化或山东龙山文化、典型龙山文化是中国新石器时代晚期的文化之一，又名「黑陶文化」。1928年因山东省济南市龙山镇城子崖遗址的发掘，被人们发现；分布于黄河中下游，包括河南禹州的瓦店遗址。

存在于距今4900年至4100年前，这个时期陕西地区的农业和畜牧业较仰韶文化有了很大的发展，生产工具的数量及种类均大为增长；有很发达的磨制石器，出现了石镰、蚌镰；快轮制陶技术比较普遍，大大提高了生产效率。

经济生活以农业为主，有比较发达的畜牧业。同时，占卜等巫术活动亦较为盛行。从社会形态看，当时已经进入了父权制社会，私有财产已经出现，开始跨入阶级社会门槛。

The Longshan (or Lung-shan) culture, also sometimes referred to as the Black Pottery Culture, was a late Neolithic culture in the middle and lower Yellow River valley areas of northern China, dated from about 3000 to 1900 BC. The first archaeological find of this culture took place at the Chengziya Archaeological Site in 1928, with the first excavations in 1930 and 1931. The culture is named after the nearby modern town of Longshan (lit. "Dragon Mountain") in Zhangqiu, Shandong. The Longshan culture was noted for its highly polished black pottery (or egg-shell pottery). The population expanded dramatically, and many settlements had rammed earth walls. The population decreased in most areas around 2000 BC, until the central area developed into the Bronze Age Erlitou culture.