土库曼苏维埃社会主义共和国（土库曼语：Түркменистан Совет Социалистик Республикасы；俄语：Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика）是苏联设立的第五个加盟共和国，在外高加索联邦被撤销后为第四个加盟共和国，简称土库曼。位于苏联的中亚地区，南部和伊朗相连，北部和乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国、哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国接壤，西濒里海。

The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR; Turkmen:Түркменистан Совет Социалистик Республикасы, Türkmenistan Sowet Sotsialistik Respublikasy; Russian:Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also commonly known as Soviet Turkmenistan or simply Turkmenistan was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union located in Central Asia. Initially, on 7 August 1921, it was established as the Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan ASSR before being made, on 13 May 1925, a separate republic of the USSR as the Turkmen SSR. In 1991, it became independent and was renamed Turkmenistan.