石炭兽科（Anthracotheriidae），又名炭兽科，是已灭绝及像河马的偶蹄目动物，与河马及猪有关。当中最古老的Elomeryx首先于始新世中期在亚洲出现，并在非洲及欧亚大陆生存，于渐新世进入了北美洲，及后可能是因气候转变及与河马竞争，于中新世在欧洲及非洲消失。最年轻的Merycopotamus于上新世晚期在亚洲消失。这个科是以最先发现的石炭兽来命名，是因这些化石是在法国的古新世煤床发现。

石炭兽科像较瘦的河马，头部较细小窄。牠们每只脚上有四或五趾，宽阔的脚掌适合在软泥上行走。牠们有完整的牙齿，一些物种适合挖出水中植物的根。

Anthracotheriidae is a family of extinct, hippopotamus-like artiodactyl ungulates related to hippopotamuses and whales. The oldest genus, Elomeryx, first appeared during the middle Eocene in Asia. They thrived in Africa and Eurasia, with a few species ultimately entering North America during the Oligocene. They died out in Europe and Africa during the Miocene, possibly due to a combination of climatic changes and competition with other artiodactyls, including pigs and true hippopotamuses. The youngest genus, Merycopotamus, died out in Asia during the late Pliocene. The family is named after the first genus discovered, Anthracotherium, which means "coal beast", as the first fossils of it were found in Paleogene-aged coal beds in France. Fossil remains of the anthracothere genus were discovered by the Harvard University and Geological Survey of Pakistan joint research project (Y-GSP) in the well-dated middle and late Miocene deposits of the Pothohar Plateau in northern Pakistan.