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单词 Coal ball
释义

Coal ball

英语百科

Coal ball

A greyish-brown round object with some pits and horizontal lines about the size of a cantaloupe.
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, who along with Edward William Binney was the first to report on coal balls
Calcite and microdolomites are common materials found in coal balls
A coal ball from southern Illinois
Jones, T. P.; Rowe, N. P. (1999). Fossil plants and spores: modern techniques. London: Geological Society. ISBN 978-1-86239-035-5. 
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  • Leighton, Morris W.; Peppers, Russel A. (16 May 2011). "ISGS – Our Heritage – A Memorial: Adolf C. Noé". University of Illinois Board of Trustees. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. 
  • Lomax, James (1903). "On the occurrence of the nodular concretions (coal balls) in the lower coal measures". Report of the annual meeting (British Association for the Advancement of Science) 72: 811–812.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • Lyons, Paul C.; Thompson, Carolyn L.; Hatcher, Patrick G.; Brown, Floyd W.; Millay, Michael A.; Szeverenyi, Nikolaus; Maciel, Gary E. (1984). "Coalification of organic matter in coal balls of the Pennsylvanian (upper Carboniferous) of the Illinois Basin, United States". Organic Geochemistry (Pergamon Press) 5 (4): 227–239. doi:10.1016/0146-6380(84)90010-X. 
  • Mamay, Sergius H.; Yochelson, Ellis L. (1962). "Occurrence and significance of marine animal remains in American coal balls". Shorter Contributions to General Geology (United States Geological Survey): 193–224. Geological Survey Professional Paper, Volume 354 at Google Books. 
  • Nelson, W. John (1983). "Geologic disturbances in Illinois coal seams" (PDF) 530. Illinois State Geological Survey. Retrieved 19 January 2012. 
  • Noé, Adolph C. (June 1923b). "A Paleozoic Angiosperm". The Journal of Geology 31 (4): 344–347. Bibcode:1923JG.....31..344N. doi:10.1086/623025. JSTOR 30078443. 
  • Noé, Adolph C. (30 March 1923a). "Coal Balls". Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 57 (1474): 385. Bibcode:1923Sci....57..385N. doi:10.1126/science.57.1474.385. JSTOR 1648633. PMID 17748916. 
  • Perkins, Thomas (1976). "Textures and Conditions of Formation of Middle Pennsylvanian Coal Balls, Central United States" (PDF). University of Kansas. Retrieved 16 July 2011. 
  • Phillips, Tom; Avcin, Matthew J.; Berggren, Dwain (1976). "Fossil Peats from the Illinois Basin: A guide to the study of coal balls of Pennsylvanian age" (PDF). University of Illinois. Retrieved 16 July 2011. 
  • Phillips, Tom L. "T L 'Tommy' Phillips, Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois". University of Illinois. Archived from the original on 31 July 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2011. 
  • Phillips, Tom L.; Pfefferkorn, Herman L.; Peppers, Russel A. (1973). "Development of Paleobotany in the Illinois Basin" (PDF). Illinois State Geological Survey. Retrieved 15 September 2011. 
  • Phillips, Tom L.; Peppers, Russel A. (February 1984). "Changing patterns of Pennsylvanian coal-swamp vegetation and implications of climatic control on coal occurrence". International Journal of Coal Geology 3 (3): 205–255. doi:10.1016/0166-5162(84)90019-3. 
  • Scott, Andrew C.; Rex, G.M. (1985). "The formation and significance of Carboniferous coal balls" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. B 311 (1148): 123–137. Bibcode:1985RSPTB.311..123S. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0144. JSTOR 2396976. Retrieved 15 July 2011. 
  • Seward, A. C. (2010). Plant Life Through the Ages: A Geological and Botanical Retrospect. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1-108-01600-6. 
  • Seward, Albert Charles (1898). Fossil plants: a text-book for students of botany and geology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–87.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • Stopes, Marie C.; Watson, David M. S. (1909). "On the Present Distribution and Origin of the Calcareous Concretions in Coal Seams, Known as 'Coal Balls'". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Britain: Royal Society) 200 (262–273): 167–218. Bibcode:1909RSPTB.200..167S. doi:10.1098/rstb.1909.0005. JSTOR 91931. 
  • "NMNH Paleobiology: Illustration Techniques". paleobiology.si.edu. Smithsonian Institution. 2007. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011. 
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  • "Paleobotany". Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011. 
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