主要组织兼容性复合体（major histocompatibility complex，MHC），又称主要组织兼容性复合基因，是存在于大部分脊椎动物基因组中的一个基因家族，与免疫系统密切相关，其中人类的MHC糖蛋白，又称为人类白血球抗原（英语：human leukocyte antigen，简称HLA）。位于6号染色体上（6p21.31），包括一系列紧密连锁的基因座，与人类的免疫系统功能密切相关。其中部分基因编码细胞表面抗原，成为每个人的细胞不可混淆的「特征」，是免疫系统区分本身和异体物质的基础。

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility. The main function of MHC molecules is to bind to peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T-cells. MHC molecules mediate interactions of leukocytes, also called white blood cells (WBCs), which are immune cells, with other leukocytes or with body cells. The MHC determines compatibility of donors for organ transplant, as well as one's susceptibility to an autoimmune disease via crossreacting immunization. In humans, the MHC is also called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA).