图形处理器（英语：graphics processing unit，缩写：GPU），又称显示核心、视觉处理器、显示芯片，是一种专门在个人电脑、工作站、游戏机和一些行动设备（如平板电脑、智能型手机等）上运行绘图运算工作的微处理器。

图形处理器是辉达公司（NVIDIA）在1999年8月发表精视 256（GeForce 256）绘图处理芯片时首先提出的概念，在此之前，电脑中处理影像输出的显示芯片，通常很少被视为是一个独立的运算单元。而对手冶天科技（ATi）亦提出视觉处理器（Visual Processing Unit）概念。图形处理器使显卡减少了对中央处理器的依赖，并分担了部分原本是由中央处理器所担当的工作，尤其是在进行三维绘图运算时，功效更加明显。图形处理器所采用的核心技术有硬件座标转换与光源、立体环境材质贴图和顶点混合、纹理压缩和凹凸映射贴图、双重纹理四像素256位渲染引擎等。

A graphics processing unit (GPU), also occasionally called visual processing unit (VPU), is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles. Modern GPUs are very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing, and their highly parallel structure makes them more efficient than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where the processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel. In a personal computer, a GPU can be present on a video card, or it can be embedded on the motherboard or—in certain CPUs—on the CPU die.