羟醛缩合是一种有机反应：烯醇或烯醇负离子和羰基化合物反应形成β-羟基醛或者β-羟基酮，然后发生脱水得到共轭烯酮。

羟醛缩合在有机合成当中很重要，它是形成碳碳单键的关键条件之一，罗宾逊成环反应中有一步就是羟醛缩合反应。羟醛缩合在大学有机化学课程中常作为一个经典构建碳键的反应进行讲解，并用该反应介绍反应机理。 在普通的羟醛缩合反应中，包涵了酮的烯醇对于醛的亲核加成，形成β-羟基酮或者“羟醛”（广泛出现于各种天然产物及药物中的一种结构单元）。

羟醛缩合在生物化学中也同样广泛存在。羟醛反应自身由醛缩酶催化，然而该反应不是正式的缩合反应，这是因为过程中并未脱除小分子。

An aldol condensation is an organic reaction in which an enol or an enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone, followed by a dehydration to give a conjugated enone.

Aldol condensations are important in organic synthesis, providing a good way to form carbon–carbon bonds. For example, the Robinson annulation reaction sequence features an aldol condensation; the Wieland-Miescher ketone product is an important starting material for many organic syntheses. Aldol condensations are also commonly discussed in university level organic chemistry classes as a good bond-forming reaction that demonstrates important reaction mechanisms. In its usual form, it involves the nucleophilic addition of a ketone enolate to an aldehyde to form a β-hydroxy ketone, or "aldol" (aldehyde + alcohol), a structural unit found in many naturally occurring molecules and pharmaceuticals.