炼金术是中世纪的一种化学哲学的思想和始祖，是当代化学的雏形。其目标是通过化学方法将一些基本金属转变为黄金，制造万灵药及制备长生不老药。现在的科学表明这种方法是行不通的。但是直到19世纪之前，炼金术尚未被科学证据所否定。包括艾萨克·牛顿在内的一些著名科学家都曾进行过炼金术尝试。现代化学的出现才使人们对炼金术的可能性产生了怀疑。炼金术在一个复杂网络之下跨越至少2500年，曾存在于美索不达米亚、古埃及、波斯、印度、中国、日本、朝鲜、古希腊和罗马，以及穆斯林文明，然后在欧洲存在直至19世纪。

Alchemy is a philosophical and protoscientific tradition practiced throughout Europe, Egypt and Asia. It aimed to purify, mature, and perfect certain objects. Common aims were chrysopoeia, the transmutation of "base metals" (e.g., lead) into "noble" ones (particularly gold); the creation of an elixir of immortality; the creation of panaceas able to cure any disease; and the development of an alkahest, a universal solvent. The perfection of the human body and soul was thought to permit or result from the alchemical magnum opus and, in the Hellenistic and western tradition, the achievement of gnosis. In Europe, the creation of a philosopher's stone was variously connected with all of these projects.