比较解剖学是比较解剖学中生物的相似与差异处的一门研究，其通过比较的方法对比不同机体的结构特征，并观察分析其相互间的异同，从而了解生物进化的发展规律。它与演化生物学及种系发生学（种族的演化）有紧密的关系。

比较解剖学的二项主要概念：

特殊特征的发展规则，其与一般同源有显著差异，是由卡尔·恩斯特·冯·贝尔造表（贝尔法则）。

Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny (the evolution of species).

Comparative anatomy has long served as evidence for evolution; it indicates that various organisms share a common ancestor. Also, it assists scientists in classifying organisms based on similar characteristics of their anatomical structures. Comparative anatomy supports Darwin's theory of descent with modification, also known as evolution. A common example of comparative anatomy is the similar bone structures in forelimbs of cats, whales, bats, and humans. All of these appendages consist of the same basic parts; yet, they serve completely different functions. The skeletal parts which form a structure used for swimming, such as a fin, would not be ideal to form a wing, which is better-suited for flight. One explanation for the forelimbs' similar composition is descent with modification. Through random mutations and natural selection, each organism's anatomical structures gradually adapted to suit their respective habitats. Two major concepts of comparative anatomy are: