卡西米尔效应图解

卡西米尔效应（英语：Casimir effect）是由荷兰物理学家亨德里克·卡西米尔（Hendrik Casimir）于1948年提出的一种现象，此效应随后被侦测到，并以卡西米尔为名以纪念他。其根据量子场论的「真空不空」观念——即使没有物质存在的真空仍有能量涨落，而提出此效应：真空中两片中性（不带电）的金属板会出现吸力；这在古典理论中是不会出现的现象。这种效应只有在两物体的距离非常之小时才可以被检测到。例如，在亚微米尺度上，该效应导致的吸引力成为中性导体之间主要作用力。事实上在10纳米间隙上（大概是一个原子尺度的100倍），卡西米尔效应能产生1个大气压的压力（101.3千帕）。一对中性原子之间的范德瓦耳斯力是一种类似的效应。

In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect and the Casimir–Polder force are physical forces arising from a quantized field. They are named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir.

The typical example is of the two uncharged conductive plates in a vacuum, placed a few nanometers apart. In a classical description, the lack of an external field means that there is no field between the plates, and no force would be measured between them. When this field is instead studied using the QED vacuum of quantum electrodynamics, it is seen that the plates do affect the virtual photons which constitute the field, and generate a net force—either an attraction or a repulsion depending on the specific arrangement of the two plates. Although the Casimir effect can be expressed in terms of virtual particles interacting with the objects, it is best described and more easily calculated in terms of the zero-point energy of a quantized field in the intervening space between the objects. This force has been measured and is a striking example of an effect captured formally by second quantization. However, the treatment of boundary conditions in these calculations has led to some controversy. In fact, "Casimir's original goal was to compute the van der Waals force between polarizable molecules" of the conductive plates. Thus it can be interpreted without any reference to the zero-point energy (vacuum energy) of quantum fields.