文件配置表（英语：File Allocation Table，首字母缩略字：FAT），是一种由微软发明并拥有部分专利 的文档系统，供MS-DOS使用，也是所有非NT核心的微软窗口使用的文件系统。

FAT文档系统考虑当时电脑性能有限，所以未被复杂化，因此几乎所有个人电脑的操作系统都支持。这特性使它成为理想的软碟和记忆卡文件系统，也适合用作不同操作系统中的数据交流。现在，一般所讲的FAT专指FAT32。

但FAT有一个严重的缺点：当文档删除后写入新数据，FAT不会将文件整理成完整片段再写入，长期使用后会使文件数据变得逐渐分散，而减慢了读写速度。碎片整理是一种解决方法，但必须经常重组来保持FAT文档系统的效率。

File Allocation Table (FAT) is a computer file system architecture and a family of industry-standard file systems utilizing it. The FAT file system is a legacy file system which is simple and robust. It offers good performance even in light-weight implementations, but cannot deliver the same performance, reliability and scalability as some modern file systems. It is, however, supported for compatibility reasons by nearly all currently developed operating systems for personal computers and many mobile devices and embedded systems, and thus is a well-suited format for data exchange between computers and devices of almost any type and age from 1981 up to the present.