Because this frankenfood is cheap to produce and buy, upf displaces healthier alternatives, particularly for poor people.

因为这种“弗兰肯食品”的生产和购买成本都很低，它取代了更健康的替代品，尤其是对穷人来说。

Mr van Tulleken, a doctor and television presenter, draws a distinction between " ultra-processed food" (upf) and " processed food" .

医生兼电视节目主持人范·塔肯先生对“超加工食品”(upf)和“加工食品”进行了区分。

Arguably, some upfs are more akin to industrial products than food.

可以说，一些 UPF 更类似于工业产品而不是食品。

Ultra-processed foods (or UPF) now account for more than half of all the calories eaten in the UK and US, and other countries are fast catching up.

在英美，超加工食品(UPF)现在占了摄入的所有卡路里的一半以上，其他国家也在迅速赶上来。

If you look at the UPFs that are consumed in the largest quantities, the majority of them take the form of sweet treats or sugary drinks.

如果你看看摄入最多的超加工食品，你会发现其中大多数都是甜食或含糖饮料。

Now that we have evidence of a link between diets high in UPFs and obesity, it seems clear that a healthy diet should be based on fresh, home-cooked food.

既然我们有证据表明高超加工食品饮食与肥胖之间存在联系，那么，很明显，健康的饮食应该以新鲜的家常食物为基础。

Just because people who eat a lot of UPFs are more likely to be obese or suffer from cancer does not mean that obesity and cancer are caused by UPFs, per se.

仅仅因为摄入大量超加工食品的人更容易肥胖、患癌症，这并不意味着肥胖和癌症本身就是由超加工食品引起的。

In 2018, a study from France – following more than 100,000 adults – found that a 10% increase in the proportion of UPFs in someone's diet led to a higher overall cancer risk.

2018年，法国的一项研究对超过10万名成年人进行了调查，发现饮食中超加工食品的比例增加10%会导致整体患癌风险增加。

(Curiously, rates do not vary for men, even though a greater share of American men than women are obese.) The reasons why upf can be harmful are not always clear, even to scientists.

(奇怪的是，尽管美国男性的肥胖率高于女性，但男性的肥胖率却没有变化。)即使对科学家来说，超加工食品有害的原因也并不总是很清楚。

Some UPFs, such as sliced bread or mass-produced cakes, have been around for many decades, but the percentage of UPFs in the average person's diet has never been anything like as high as it is today.

一些超加工食品，如切片面包、批量生产的蛋糕，已经存在了几十年，但超加工食品在普通人饮食中所占的比例从未像今天这样高。

He uses a definition proposed by Carlos Monteiro, a food scientist, describing upf as " formulations of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, made by a series of industrial processes, many requiring sophisticated equipment and technology" .

他使用了食品科学家卡洛斯·蒙泰罗提出的定义，将超加工食品描述为“原料的配方，主要用于专用工业用途，通过一系列工业过程制成，其中许多过程需要复杂的设备和技术”。

Victor Aguayo, chief of nutrition at Unicef, tells me over the phone that, as ultra-processed foods become cheaper and other foods, such as vegetables and fish, become more expensive, the UPFs are taking up a bigger volume of children's diets.

联合国儿童基金会的营养主管维克多·阿瓜约在电话中告诉我，随着超加工食品变得更便宜，而其他食品，如蔬菜和鱼类，变得更昂贵，超加工食品正在占据儿童饮食中更大的比例。

If we are what we eat, considering the impact of upf is essential, but too often Mr van Tulleken's case for clean food is accompanied by anti-capitalist preening: for instance, he nonsensically calls corporate-tax minimisation " part of ultra-processing" .

如果我们吃什么就是什么，那么考虑超加工食品的影响就是必不可少的，但范·塔肯对清洁食品的主张往往包裹着反资本主义的外壳：例如，他荒谬地将公司税最小化称为“超加工的一部分”。