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单词 Thermodynamic temperature
释义

Thermodynamic temperature

中文百科

热力学温度

热力学温度是温度的绝对测量量,是热力学的主要参数之一。

热力学温度由热力学第二定律定义,理论最低温度为零点。在称为绝对零度该点上,物质的粒子构成具有最小运动。在量子力学的描述中,绝对零度下的物质处于其基态,该状态下其能量最低。热力学温度因此也常被称为绝对温度

国际单位制指定热力学温标为热力学温度的计量标度,并选择水的三相点273.16K作为基点。历史上一直在使用其他标准。使用华氏度作为单位间隔的朗肯温标,在美国的某些工程领域仍然用作英制工程单位的一部分。ITS-90给出了一个以非常高的精确度估计热力学温度的实用方法。 大体上,体静止时的温度是一种计量物质的粒子构成如分子,原子,亚原子粒子的平动、振动和转动的能量的方法。所有的这些运动的动能和粒子的势能,有时还包括某些其他类型的等效粒子能量构成物体的总内能。在物体不受外力或外力对其不做功的条件下,内能可以被不严格地称作热能。内能可以以多种方式存储于一种物质内,每种构成一个“自由度”。每个自由度有相同的能量平均值k_B T/2k_B为玻尔兹曼常数),除非其处于量子体系。内部自由度(转动,振动等)适用于室温下的量子体系,平动自由度适用于经典体系,除了在极低的温度(开尔文的分数)下。大多数情况下,热力学温度由粒子的平均平动动能确定。

英语百科

Thermodynamic temperature 热力学温度

Fig. 1 The translational motion of fundamental particles of nature such as atoms and molecules are directly related to temperature. Here, the size of helium atoms relative to their spacing is shown to scale under 1950 atmospheres of pressure. These room-temperature atoms have a certain average speed (slowed down here two trillion-fold). At any given instant however, a particular helium atom may be moving much faster than average while another may be nearly motionless. Five atoms are colored red to facilitate following their motions.
Fig. 2 The translational motions of helium atoms occur across a range of speeds. Compare the shape of this curve to that of a Planck curve in Fig. 5 below.
Fig. 3 Because of their internal structure and flexibility, molecules can store kinetic energy in internal degrees of freedom which contribute to the heat capacity.
Fig. 4 The temperature-induced translational motion of particles in solids takes the form of phonons. Shown here are phonons with identical amplitudes but with wavelengths ranging from 2 to 12 molecules.

Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature and is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics.

Thermodynamic temperature is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point. At this point, absolute zero, the particle constituents of matter have minimal motion and can become no colder. In the quantum-mechanical description, matter at absolute zero is in its ground state, which is its state of lowest energy. Thermodynamic temperature is often also called absolute temperature, for two reasons: one, proposed by Kelvin, that it does not depend on the properties of a particular material; two that it refers to an absolute zero according to the properties of the ideal gas.

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更新时间:2025/6/18 4:05:43