Puncture wounds are usually anaerobic and warm, and are therefore optimal for growth of Clostridium tetani.

刺伤通常产生缺氧且温暖的伤口环境，也成为了破伤风梭菌的最佳培养基。

Finally, culturing Clostridium tetani is very difficult because anaerobes are notoriously difficult and slow to grow.

最后，破伤风梭菌培养非常困难，因为厌氧菌的生长是出了名的困难和缓慢。

Spores of Clostridium tetani are most often introduced into the body through penetrating trauma, like a puncture wound.

破伤风梭菌的芽孢最常通过穿透性损伤进入人体，如刺伤。

Clostridium tetani is notorious for one of its toxins called tetanospasmin, which can severely disrupt the neuromuscular system of mammals.

破伤风梭菌因其产生的破伤风痉挛毒素而臭名昭着，该毒素严重影响哺乳动物的神经肌肉系统。

Instead, the offending bacterium, known as Clostridium tetani, infects the body through cuts and abrasions.

相反，这种名为破伤风梭菌的有害细菌会通过割伤和擦伤感染人体。

But now we know the best time to tackle Clostridium tetani is before an infection even takes place.

但现在我们知道对抗破伤风梭菌的最佳时机是在感染发生之前。

One example is tetanus: its symptoms are not caused by the Clostridium tetani bacterium, but by a neurotoxin it produces (tetanospasmin).

一个例子是破伤风：它的症状不是由破伤风梭菌引起的， 而是由它产生的一种神经毒素（破伤风痉挛素）引起的。

And newborn babies are especially at risk if their mothers are unvaccinated, as Clostridium tetani can infect a newborn's umbilical stump.

如果母亲未接种疫苗， 新生儿面临的风险尤其大，因为破伤风梭菌可以感染新生儿的脐带残端。

When doing a Gram stain, Clostridium tetani stains purple— or gram positive— and it's a bacillus, meaning that it looks like a big cylinder or rod under the microscope.

革兰氏染色中，破伤风梭菌显紫色（革兰氏染色阳性），呈棒状：显微镜下外观像一个巨大的圆柱体或棒子。

Clostridium tetani bacteria are often found in soil, manure, and dead leaves, where they can survive for years in the form of spores, even amidst extreme heat and dryness.

破伤风梭菌常见于土壤、粪便和枯叶中，即使在极端炎热和干燥的环境中，它们也能以孢子的形式存活数年。

All right as a quick recap, Clostridium tetani is a sporulating, gram-positive, bacillus anaerobe that makes the toxin tetanospasmin, which causes tetanus by disrupting the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters from Renshaw cells.

得！快速复习一下：破伤风梭菌是一种产芽孢的革兰氏阳性厌氧棒状杆菌，能够产生引起破伤风的罪魁祸首破伤风痉挛毒素；该毒素通过干扰闰绍细胞中抑制性神经递质的释放而致病。