洋葱（学名：Allium cepa），北京人称葱头、甘肃人称洋蒜、**人称皮牙孜（源自波斯语Piyaz）、是一种常见的葱科葱属植物。

二年生或多年生草本。根弦线状，浓绿色圆筒形中空叶子，表面有蜡质；叶鞘肥厚呈鳞片状，密集于短缩茎的周围，形成鳞茎（俗称葱头）；伞状花序，白色小花；蒴果。

根茎外边包着一层薄薄的皮（白、黄或红色），里面是一层一层的肉，一般是白色或淡黄色。

The onion (Allium cepa L., from Latin cepa "onion"), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium.

This genus also contains several other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum), the tree onion (A. ×proliferum), and the Canada onion (Allium canadense). The name "wild onion" is applied to a number of Allium species, but A. cepa is exclusively known from cultivation. Its ancestral wild original form is not known, although escapes from cultivation have become established in some regions. The onion is most frequently a biennial or a perennial plant, but is usually treated as an annual and harvested in its first growing season.