水上飞机（英文：Seaplane）泛指利用水面（包括海洋、湖泊与河川）起飞、降落与停靠的飞机，可以是民用或军用飞机。

水上飞机依照与水面接触的设计方式，可以区分为三类：

浮筒水上飞机（Floatplane）一般多是小型飞机所采用，在机身下方装有一或两个浮筒，将机身与水面分离，有些飞机在机翼两边还装有小型辅助浮筒，以避免飞机因为往两侧倾斜还有翻覆的危险。

只有一个浮筒设计的水上飞机，浮筒位于机腹正下方。两个浮筒设计的，则是分别位于机腹两侧的位置。

自一次世界大战开始，巡洋舰以上的军舰多半会携带一架或者是更多的浮筒水上飞机，以进行远距离侦查，目标搜索与火炮射击时的误差修正等任务。这些飞机平时停放在军舰上面，有些是从炮塔上方的起飞滑轨弹射出去，有些吨位较大的舰艇有专属的滑轨或者是机库安放这些观测用的水上飞机。当飞机降落的时候则是先降落在军舰附近的海面上，然后由军舰上的起重机将飞机吊回舰上安置妥当，以进行下一次的任务。这一类搭载方式的浮筒水上飞机也可以由水面直接起飞。

A seaplane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting) on water. Seaplanes that can also take off and land on airfields are in a subclass called amphibian aircraft. Seaplanes and amphibians are usually divided into two categories based on their technological characteristics: floatplanes and flying boats; the latter are generally far larger and can carry far more. These aircraft were sometimes called hydroplanes, but currently, this term applies instead to motor-powered watercraft that use the technique of hydrodynamic lift to levitate their main hull above the water when running at speed.