反转录转座子（retrotransposon），简称“反座子”（retroposon），是由RNA介导转座的转座子的组件，在结构和复制上与反转录病毒（retrovirus）类似，只是没有病毒感染必须的env基因，它通过转录合成mRNA，再逆转录合成新的组件集成到基因组中完成转座，每转座1次拷贝数就会增加1份，可以增强自己的基因组。因此，它是许多真核生物中数量最大的一类可活动遗传成分。在植物中特别丰富，它们是核DNA的一个主要组成部分。在玉米的基因组49-78％是反转录转座子，而在小麦中包含约90％的基因组重复串行和68％的转座子。在哺乳动物中，几乎有一半的基因组（45％至48％）包含转座子或残余转座子。人类基因组有大约42％反转录转座子，而DNA转座子约占2-3％。

Retrotransposons (also called transposons via RNA intermediates) are genetic elements that can amplify themselves in a genome and are ubiquitous components of the DNA of many eukaryotic organisms. They are one of the two subclasses of transposon, where the other is DNA transposon, which does not involve an RNA intermediate. They are particularly abundant in plants, where they are often a principal component of nuclear DNA. In maize, 49–78% of the genome is made up of retrotransposons. In wheat, about 90% of the genome consists of repeated sequences and 68% of transposable elements. In mammals, almost half the genome (45% to 48%) is transposons or remnants of transposons. Around 42% of the human genome is made up of retrotransposons, while DNA transposons account for about 2–3%.