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单词 Real manifold
释义

Real manifold

中文百科

流形 Manifold

(重定向自Real manifold)
球面(球的表面)为二维的流形,由于它能够由一群二维的图形来表示。
理想化的地球是一个流形。越近看就越近似于平面(“大三角形”是曲边的,但右下角非常小的三角形就和平面上一样了)。
四张图分别把圆的一部分映射到一个开区间,它们合在一起覆盖了整个圆。
圆圈流形基于斜率的坐标图集,每个图覆盖除了一点之外的所有点。

流形,是局部具有欧几里得空间性质的空间,是欧几里得空间中的曲线、曲面等概念的推广。欧几里得空间就是最简单的流形的实例。地球表面这样的球面则是一个稍微复杂的例子。一般的流形可以通过把许多平直的片折弯并粘连而成。

流形在数学中用于描述几何形体,它们为研究形体的可微性提供了一个自然的平台。物理上,经典力学的相空间和构造广义相对论的时空模型的四维伪黎曼流形都是流形的实例。位形空间中也可以定义流形。环面就是双摆的位形空间。

一般可以把几何形体的拓扑结构看作是完全“柔软”的,因为所有变形(同胚)会保持拓扑结构不变;而把解析几何结构看作是“硬”的,因为整体的结构都是固定的。例如一个多项式,如果你知道 (0,1) 区间的取值,则整个实数范围的值都是固定的,所以局部的变动会导致全局的变化。光滑流形可以看作是介于两者之间的模型:其无穷小的结构是“硬”的,而整体结构则是“柔软”的。这也许是中文译名“流形”的原因(整体的形态可以流动)。该译名由著名数学家和数学教育学家**引入。这样,流形的硬度使它能够容纳微分结构,而它的软度使得它可以作为很多需要独立的局部扰动的数学和物理的模型。

英语百科

Manifold 流形

(重定向自Real manifold)
The real projective plane is a two-dimensional manifold that cannot be realized in three dimensions without self-intersection, shown here as Boy's surface.
The surface of the Earth requires (at least) two charts to include every point. Here the globe is decomposed into charts around the North and South Poles.
Figure 1: The four charts each map part of the circle to an open interval, and together cover the whole circle.
Figure 2: A circle manifold chart based on slope, covering all but one point of the circle.

In mathematics, a manifold is a topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space near each point. More precisely, each point of an n-dimensional manifold has a neighbourhood that is homeomorphic to the Euclidean space of dimension n.

One-dimensional manifolds include lines and circles, but not figure eights (because they have crossing points which are not locally homeomorphic to Euclidean 1-space). Two-dimensional manifolds are also called surfaces. Examples include the plane, the sphere, and the torus, which can all be embedded (formed without self-intersections) in three dimensional real space, but also the Klein bottle and real projective plane which will always self-intersect when immersed in real space.

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更新时间:2025/6/21 15:09:53