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单词 Quantum theory of matter
释义

Quantum theory of matter

中文百科

量子力学 Quantum mechanics

(重定向自Quantum theory of matter)
1927年第五次索尔维会议,此次会议主题为「电子和光子」,世界上最主要的物理学家聚集在一起讨论新近表述的量子理论。
普朗克定律(绿)、维恩定律(蓝)和瑞利-金斯定律(红)在频域下的比较,可见维恩定律在高频区域和普朗克定律相符,瑞利-金斯定律在低频区域和普朗克定律相符。
光电效应示意图:来自左上方的光子冲击到金属板,将电子逐出金属板,并且向右上方移去。
按照氢原子或类氢原子的玻尔模型,带负价的电子被局限于原子壳层,它们环绕着尺寸很小的带正价原子核。电子从一个能量较高的轨道跃迁到能量较低的轨道时,会以电磁波的形式将能量差发布。[4]:49-82

量子力学是描写微观物质的一个物理学分支,与相对论一起被认为是现代物理学的两大基本支柱,许多物理学理论和科学,如原子物理学、固体物理学、核物理学和粒子物理学以及其它相关的学科,都是以其为基础。

19世纪末,经典力学和经典电动力学在描述微观系统时的不足与矛盾越来越明显。量子力学是在20世纪初,由马克斯·普朗克、尼尔斯·玻尔、沃纳·海森堡、埃尔温·薛定谔、沃尔夫冈·泡利、路易·德布罗意、马克斯·玻恩、恩里科·费米、保罗·狄拉克、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦等一大群物理学家所共同创立。透过量子力学,人们对物质的结构以及其相互作用的见解被根本地改变,同时,许多现象也得以真正地被解释。借由量子力学,以往经典理论无法直接预测的现象,现在可以被精确地计算出来,并能在之后的实验中得到验证。除透过广义相对论描写的引力外,迄今所有其它物理基本相互作用均可以在量子力学的框架内描写(量子场论)。

英语百科

Quantum mechanics 量子力学

(重定向自Quantum theory of matter)
Solution to Schrödinger's equation for the hydrogen atom at different energy levels. The brighter areas represent a higher probability of finding an electron
Max Planck is considered the father of the quantum theory.
The 1927 Solvay Conference in Brussels.
Fig. 1: Probability densities corresponding to the wave functions of an electron in a hydrogen atom possessing definite energy levels (increasing from the top of the image to the bottom: n = 1, 2, 3, ...) and angular momenta (increasing across from left to right: s, p, d, ...). Brighter areas correspond to higher probability density in a position measurement. Such wave functions are directly comparable to Chladni's figures of acoustic modes of vibration in classical physics, and are modes of oscillation as well, possessing a sharp energy and, thus, a definite frequency. The angular momentum and energy are quantized, and take only discrete values like those shown (as is the case for resonant frequencies in acoustics)

Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics or quantum theory), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental branch of physics concerned with processes involving, for example, atoms and photons. In such processes, said to be quantized, the action has been observed to be only in integer multiples of the Planck constant. This is utterly inexplicable in classical physics.

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