原生质并非单一的某种或某些化合物，而是由多种化合物所组成的复杂的胶体，这种胶体具有不断自我更新能力，成为一种生命物质的体系。原生质包括细胞质与细胞核；而细胞壁则不属于原生质。

1839年，捷克生理学家浦金野把填满细胞的胶状液体定名为原生质（生命的原始物质）。直到19世纪中叶以后，法国植物学家默尔用原生质概括细胞中的所有内含物（包括细胞质和细胞核）。德国解剖学家舒尔策（M.Schltze）强调指出，原生质是“生命的物质基础”，并证明在所有的细胞里，不论是动物或植物，也不论它们的结构是多幺复杂还是非常简单，它们的原生质基本上都是相似的。

Protoplasm is the living content of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. It is a general term for the cytoplasm. Protoplasm is composed of a mixture of small molecules such as ions, amino acids, monosaccharides and water, and macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. In eukaryotes the protoplasm surrounding the cell nucleus is known as the cytoplasm and that inside the nucleus as the nucleoplasm. In prokaryotes the material inside the plasma membrane is the bacterial cytoplasm, while in Gram-negative bacteria the region outside the plasma membrane but inside the outer membrane is the periplasm.