在数学中，极坐标系是一个二维坐标系统。该坐标系统中任意位置可由一个夹角和一段相对原点—极点的距离来表示。极坐标系的应用领域十分广泛，包括数学、物理、工程、航海、航空以及机器人领域。在两点间的关系用夹角和距离很容易表示时，极坐标系便显得尤为有用；而在平面直角坐标系中，这样的关系就只能使用三角函数来表示。对于很多类型的曲线，极坐标方程是最简单的表达形式，甚至对于某些曲线来说，只有极坐标方程能够表示。

In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference direction.

The reference point (analogous to the origin of a Cartesian system) is called the pole, and the ray from the pole in the reference direction is the polar axis. The distance from the pole is called the radial coordinate or radius, and the angle is called the angular coordinate, polar angle, or azimuth.