验电器（electroscope）是一种检测物体是否带电以及粗略估计带电量大小的仪器，典型构造如右图所示。当被检验物体接触验电器顶端的导体时，自身所带的电荷会传到玻璃钟罩内的箔片上。由于同种电荷相互排斥，箔片将自动分开，张成一定角度。根据两箔片张成角度的大小可估计物体带电量的大小。其实这是箔片所受电场力包括箔片上同名的电荷的斥力和器皿内壁异名电荷的吸引力。如果将玻璃瓶改为使用金属盒以便屏蔽静电、金属棒和器皿引出导线以便测量两点间电势差、增加刻度以便将结果量化，那幺验电器可以改造为更精确的静电计。

An electroscope is an early scientific instrument that is used to detect the presence and magnitude of electric charge on a body. It was the first electrical measuring instrument. The first electroscope, a pivoted needle called the versorium, was invented by British physician William Gilbert around 1600. The pith-ball electroscope and the gold-leaf electroscope are two classical types of electroscope that are still used in physics education to demonstrate the principles of electrostatics. A type of electroscope is also used in the quartz fiber radiation dosimeter. Electroscopes were used by the Austrian scientist Victor Hess in the discovery of cosmic rays.