互斥锁（英语：英语：Mutual exclusion，缩写 Mutex）是一种用于多线程编程中，防止两条线程同时对同一公共资源（比如全局变量）进行读写的机制。该目的通过将代码切片成一个一个的临界区域（critical section）达成。临界区域指的是一块对公共资源进行访问的代码，并非一种机制或是算法。一个进程、进程、线程可以拥有多个临界区域，但是并不一定会应用互斥锁。

需要此机制的资源的例子有：旗标、队列、计数器、中断处理进程等用于在多条并行运行的代码间传递数据、同步状态等的资源。维护这些资源的同步、一致和完整是很困难的，因为一条线程可能在任何一个时刻被暂停（休眠）或者恢复（唤醒）。

In computer science, mutual exclusion refers to the requirement of ensuring that no two concurrent processes are in their critical section at the same time; it is a basic requirement in concurrency control, to prevent race conditions. Here, a critical section refers to a period when the process accesses a shared resource, such as shared memory. The requirement of mutual exclusion was first identified and solved by Edsger W. Dijkstra in his seminal 1965 paper titled Solution of a problem in concurrent programming control, and is credited as the first topic in the study of concurrent algorithms.