阿丽亚娜系列运载火箭（Ariane）是欧洲空间局自行研制作为欧洲联盟各国或其他国家进行空间活动的一次性使用运载系统，此火箭名称来自神话人物阿丽雅杜妮，法语中该词也描述某一种蜂鸟。阿丽亚娜火箭发射场地位于南美洲法属圭亚那境内圭亚那太空中心。在德法英三国协商后，1973年末法国提出亚利安系列运载火箭计划。此计划是继欧罗巴运载火箭失败后西欧国家另一次独立开发运载火箭系统的尝试。阿丽亚娜火箭代号为L3S，为第三代替代运载火箭的法语缩写。欧空局任命阿斯特里姆公司负责阿丽亚娜火箭与其测试设施开发工作。法国国家太空研究中心成立于1980年的商业子公司阿丽亚娜空间则负责阿丽亚娜火箭制造与运营。

Ariane is a series of a European civilian expendable launch vehicles for space launch use. The name comes from the French spelling of the mythological character Ariadne.

France first proposed the Ariane project and it was officially agreed upon at the end of 1973 after discussions between France, Germany and the UK. The project was Western Europe's second attempt to develop its own launcher following the unsuccessful Europa project. The Ariane project was code-named L3S (the French abbreviation for third-generation substitution launcher). The European Space Agency (ESA) charged the EADS subsidiary Astrium, presently Airbus Defence and Space, with the development of all Ariane launchers and of the testing facilities, while Arianespace, a 32.5% CNES commercial subsidiary created in 1980, handles production, operations and marketing.