日本宪兵，常称作宪兵队（日语：宪兵队；Kempeitai）是隶属于大日本帝国陆军的宪兵，存在于1881年至1945年，其职能仿效于法国国家宪兵，但具有非常大的盖世太保性质。大日本帝国海军有自己的宪兵系统，称作海军特别警察队。

1881年3月11日日本宪兵条例公布，5月9日宪兵队成立。宪兵条例第一条：“宪兵作为陆军军纪的代表，担任军内军纪的巡查和检察的任务，监督军人的日常品行。兼任行政警察和司法警察。”日本陆军宪兵最初兵力1600名，在东京设有宪兵司令部。1883年在大阪创建了关西宪兵总司令部。

1889年，设立6个师团后，每个师团都设置一个宪兵队。宪兵兵力2100名。

The Kempeitai(宪兵队,Kenpeitai, "Military Police Corps") /kɛmpeɪtaɪ/ was the military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1881 to 1945. It was not a conventional military police, but more of a secret police, akin to Nazi Germany's Gestapo.

While it was institutionally part of the Imperial Japanese Army, it also discharged the functions of the military police for the Imperial Japanese Navy under the direction of the Admiralty Minister (although the IJN had its own much smaller Tokkeitai), those of the executive police under the direction of the Interior Minister, and those of the judicial police under the direction of the Justice Minister. A member of the corps was called a kempei.