哈代-温伯格定律，也称遗传平衡定律或哈代-温伯格平衡定律，分别在1908年和1909年由英国数学家G·H·哈代(Godfrey Harold Hardy)和德国医生温伯格(Wilhelm Weinberg)独立证明。在群体遗传学中，哈代-温伯格定律主要用于描述群体中等位基因频率以及基因型频率之间的关系。主要内容为：

实际上，总会存在一个或多个干扰因素。因此，哈代-温伯格定律在自然界中是不可能的。基因的平衡是一种理想状态，并用于测量遗传改变的基准。

最简单的例子是位于单一位点的两个等位基因：显性等位基因记为A而隐性等位基因记为a，它们的频率分别记为p和q。频率(A) = p；频率(a) = q；p + q = 1。如果群体处于平衡状态，则我们可以得到

The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. These influences include mate choice, mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow and meiotic drive. Because one or more of these influences are typically present in real populations, the Hardy–Weinberg principle describes an ideal condition against which the effects of these influences can be analyzed.