But eventually, these very same things became limitations on the forces of production – stuff like factories, technology, and human labor.

但最终，这些完全相同的东西变成了对生产力的限制——比如工厂、技术和人力。

We reached a point where the forces of production were so developed that we could produce far more than we needed.

我们达到了生产力如此发达以至于我们可以生产远远超过我们需要的地步。

And modes of production are all defined by a combination of forces of production and relations of production.

生产方式都是由生产力和生产关系的组合决定的。

In modern capitalism, the forces of production include things like factories, oil, and the internal combustion engine.

在现代资本主义中，生产力包括工厂、石油和内燃机等。

But eventually, he said, those advances always stall, as the forces of production run up against the limits created by the relations of production.

但最终，他说，这些进步总是停滞不前，因为生产力会触及生产关系所造成的限制。

Marx understood history as a series of advances in the forces of production – like, greater coordination among capitalists, more technological complexity, and more organizational innovation.

马克思将历史理解为生产力的一系列进步——例如，资本家之间更紧密的合作、更复杂的技术和更多的组织创新。

Remember? He saw that changes in the forces of production are important in pushing the change from one mode of production to another.

记住？他看到生产力的变化对于推动从一种生产方式向另一种生产方式的转变很重要。

Crises of overproduction are an example of what Marx saw in every mode of production: the contradiction between the forces of production and the relations of production.

生产过剩危机是马克思在每一种生产方式中所看到的例子：生产力与生产关系之间的矛盾。

One way of thinking about the means of production is as the inanimate part – the actual, physical stuff – that makes up the forces of production.

思考生产资料的一种方式是将其视为构成生产力的无生命部分——实际的、有形的东西。

Forces of production are basically the technical, scientific, and material parts of the economy – tools, buildings, material resources, technology, and the human labor that makes them go.

生产力基本上是经济的技术、科学和物质部分——工具、建筑物、物质资源、技术和推动它们发展的人力劳动。

They want the further development of the forces of production – of which their labor makes up a large part – and they want a complete change in the relations of production.

他们要进一步发展生产力——他们的劳动占生产力的很大一部分——他们要彻底改变生产关系。