匠人（学名：Homo ergaster，来自希腊文ἔργον，意为“工作”）是属于人科的已经灭绝的物种，生存于180-130万年前的东非及南部非洲，处于上新世末期到更新世初期。目前对于匠人的分类、祖先以及后裔尚存争论，但很多人认为，他很可能是晚期人科物种（诸如海德堡人、尼安德特人和人类）的直接祖先。他与直立人间的关系也有许多争议。直立人被认为是匠人在亚洲的后裔。也有观点认为他与直立人可以归为同一物种。匠人是人属的早期物种之一，可能是能人的后裔，或者和能人享有共同的祖先。

Homo ergaster (meaning "working man") or African Homo erectus is an extinct chronospecies of the genus Homo that lived in eastern and southern Africa during the early Pleistocene, that is, between 1.9 million and 1.4 million years ago. It is one of the earliest hominins, which are those hominids that comprise the original members and species of the human clade after splitting from the line of the chimpanzees. Homo ergaster is variously thought to be ancestral to, or as sharing a common ancestor with, or as being the same species as, Homo erectus.