计量经济学（英语：Econometrics），又译经济计量学，是以数理经济学和数理统计学为方法论基础，对于经济问题试图对理论上的数量接近和经验（实证研究）上的数量接近这两者进行综合而产生的经济学分支。也有“经济计量学”的译法。

该分支的产生，使得经济学对于经济现象从以往只能定性研究，扩展到同时可以进行定量研究的新阶段。

「计量」的意思是「以统计方法做定量研究」，「量」字为名词，构成动宾结构，这从其英文metric的含义亦可看出（与数学名词“度量空间metric space”情况类似），所以「量」字应读作「亮」（大陆《现代汉语辞典》2012年6月第6版“计量”条）。设若「计量」的「量」字读为「良」，则是两个动词词素的并列结构，含义略简。另如测智力的斯坦福一比奈智力量表（Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale），按其内涵则应读「量」字为「良」，此亦可从英文scale的含义窥得。

Econometrics is the application of mathematics, statistical methods, and computer science, to economic data and is described as the branch of economics that aims to give empirical content to economic relations. More precisely, it is "the quantitative analysis of actual economic phenomena based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference." An introductory economics textbook describes econometrics as allowing economists "to sift through mountains of data to extract simple relationships." The first known use of the term "econometrics" (in cognate form) was by Polish economist Paweł Ciompa in 1910. Ragnar Frisch is credited with coining the term in the sense in which it is used today.