戴森球（英语：Dyson Sphere）是弗里曼·戴森假想出的包围母恒星的巨大球形结构，它可以捕获大部分或者全部的恒星能量输出。戴森认为戴森球是长期生存技术文明对于能量需求增长的必然需求，并认为寻找其存在的证据可以引导发现的先进和智能的外星生命。不同类型的戴森球和它们的能量收集能力将对应于在卡尔达肖夫指数水平上的技术进步。

自从该概念提出以后，诸多科幻作品里提出的包围恒星的人工建筑都被冠以“戴森球”之名。后续的设想认为戴森球上不仅有太阳能电站，还有人类殖民地和工业基地存在。

A Dyson sphere is a hypothetical megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures most or all of its power output. The concept was first described by Olaf Stapledon in his science fiction novel, Star Maker (1937), and later popularized by Freeman Dyson in his 1960 paper, "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation". Dyson speculated that such structures would be the logical consequence of the escalating energy needs of a technological civilization and would be a necessity for its long-term survival. He proposed that searching for such structures could lead to the detection of advanced, intelligent extraterrestrial life. Different types of Dyson spheres and their energy-harvesting ability would correspond to levels of technological advancement on the Kardashev scale.