争议仲裁机构是指通过私有企业提供调解和仲裁的机构。这在无政府资本主义理论中是一个很重要的概念。在美国弗吉尼亚州的这种组织能对其处理的案件收取费用。

穆瑞·罗斯巴德认为法庭的决定并不一定需要政府强制执行才会生效。即使在争议仲裁机构考虑提交政府法庭依法强制执行前，商人也会遵守其判决来避免受到排斥和抵制的危险。一个不遵守判决的商人将被列入黑名单，因而以后将没人和他做生意。

如果诉讼双方签约了不同的法院，而且双方都愿意承担额外的费用而到不同的法院诉讼时，如果两个判决结果不一致，那幺就需要上诉法院的介入。而该上诉法院应该是诉讼双方的法院事先一致同意的。

The phrase "dispute resolution organization" was coined by libertarian Stefan Molyneux in his self-published white paper, "The Stateless Society: An Examination of Alternatives."

Molyneux posits that within the theoretical stateless society, a dispute resolution organization (DRO) would be a private firm that would enforce contracts and resolve disputes on behalf of their clients, replacing services previously handled by governments. The firms would be voluntarily contracted to provide, or coordinate with other firms to provide, services such as mediation, reimbursement for damages, personal protection, and credit reporting. In essence, they combine qualities borrowed from modern private defense/police, insurance companies, credit ratings, and alternative dispute resolution.