飞航记录器（英语：Flight Recorder），俗称黑盒（实为橘色），是安装在航空器上，用于航空事故调查、维修或及飞行试验用途。安装的位置在空难时最常被完整保留下来的机尾上。1953年，世界上第一个飞航记录器由澳洲研究实验室的戴维·沃伦博士发明。

很多的空难发生后只有飞航记录器能够向调查人员提供飞机出事故前各系统的运作情况，因为空难时通常发生在一瞬间，飞行员和全部乘客都同时遇难而缺乏当事人的证词，调查事故的原因会有很大困难，而飞航记录器则可以向人们提供飞机失事瞬间和失事前一段时间里，飞机的飞行状况、机上设备的工作情况等；驾驶舱联系历史器能帮助人们根据机上人员的各种对话分析事故原因，以便对事故作出正确的结论。

A flight recorder, colloquially known as a black box, although it is now orange-coloured, is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and incidents.

Any type of aircraft in any condition of flight can be viewed in terms of its input parameters (e.g. control instructions) and output parameters (e.g. flight sensors), without any knowledge of its internal workings, as a black box model. The flight data recorder (FDR) is a device that preserves the recent history of the flight through the recording of dozens of parameters collected several times per second. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) preserves the recent history of the sounds in the cockpit including the conversation of the pilots. The two recorders give an accurate testimony, narrating the aircraft's flight history, to assist in any later investigation.