回旋加速器是一种粒子加速器。回旋加速器通过高频交流电压来加速带电粒子。大小从数英吋到数公尺都有。它是由欧内斯特·劳伦斯于1929年在柏克莱加州大学发明。

许多原子核、基本粒子的性质有关的信息，均是利用高能粒子轰击原子靶（atomic target）而获得的。1932年，约翰·柯克劳夫与欧内斯特·沃吞在英国制造了第一台「原子击破器」（atom smasher）。他们乃是利用700,000V的高电压对质子加速，然后再拿它们轰击锂靶。

他们采用的方法虽然较为野蛮，但确实是建构出了这么个高电压。在1929年时，劳伦斯就已经考虑过这种可能性：将粒子重复地经由一「相对小电压」做加速，而不是一次就用一个巨大电压去做加速。他于是与李明斯顿（M.S.Livingston）合作，发展出了回旋加速器（cyclotron）。第一部回旋加速器建于1930年，稍后的改良则于1934年完成。

A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1932 in which charged particles accelerate outwards from the centre along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio frequency) electric field. Lawrence was awarded the 1939 Nobel prize in physics for this invention. Cyclotrons were the most powerful particle accelerator technology until the 1950s when they were superseded by the synchrotron, and are still used to produce particle beams in physics and nuclear medicine. The largest single-magnet cyclotron was the 4.67 m (184 in) synchrocyclotron built between 1940 and 1946 by Lawrence at the University of California at Berkeley, which could accelerate protons to 730 MeV. The largest cyclotron is the 17.1 m (56 ft) multimagnet TRIUMF accelerator at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia which can produce 500 MeV protons.