脊柱（拉丁语：Columna vertebralis）是人和脊椎动物位于背侧的支撑性中轴骨骼。

人类的脊柱由33-34块脊椎骨（拉丁语：Vertebrae）和中间起缓冲作用的椎间盘组成；这个结构通过韧带和小的脊柱关节固定；具有支持躯干、保护内脏器官的作用。

脊柱人为划分为7颈椎、12胸椎、5腰椎、骶骨和尾骨（这种分类对所有哺乳类动物有效，从老鼠到长颈鹿）。人类的5块骶骨和4块尾骨相互融合，它们被称之为“假脊椎”。有尾巴的脊椎动物有数目不等的尾骨。

椎骨有一个突向背侧的棘突，在背部的正中线上可以在皮下摸到，是经穴定位的重要标志之一；脊柱内部有纵行的椎管，容纳脊髓及其脊髓膜。

The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton. The vertebral column is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate, in which the notochord (a flexible rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of bones—vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs. The vertebral column houses the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and protects the spinal cord.