颅相学（Phrenology）是一种认为人的心理与特质能够根据头颅形状确定的假说，比方说，负责掌管"记忆"的区域如果较为突出，这个人的记性就会比较好。颅相学现今已被认定为伪科学，虽然它的根据其来由自，包括大脑为人类行为之根源，且不同大脑区域可能负责不同行为表现或认知功能，但因由于颅相学缺乏实质证据，因此被判定为伪科学。德国解剖学家弗朗兹·约瑟夫·加尔（Franz Joseph Gall）于1796年提出了颅相学，之后在19世纪此学说曾风靡一时，尤其是在1810~1840年之间。1820年，爱丁堡颅相学学会的成立使得爱丁堡成为英国颅相学之研究重镇。1843年，弗朗西斯·马戎第（François Magendie）将颅相学称作“当代的伪科学”（a pseudoscience of the present day）。但不可否认的是，颅相学影响了19世纪精神病学与现代神经科学的发展。颅相学提出了大脑皮质定位的概念，奠定了现代神经科学的基石。

Phrenology (fromGreekφρήν (phrēn), meaning "mind",andλόγος (logos), meaning "knowledge") is a pseudomedicine primarily focused on measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules. Although both of those ideas have a basis in reality, phrenology extrapolated beyond empirical knowledge in a way that departed from science. Developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall in 1796, the discipline was very popular in the 19th century, especially from about 1810 until 1840. The principal British centre for phrenology was Edinburgh, where the Edinburgh Phrenological Society was established in 1820.