共变异数（Covariance）在概率论和统计学中用于衡量两个变量的总体误差。而方差是协方差的一种特殊情况，即当两个变量是相同的情况。

期望值分别为与的两个实数随机变量X 与Y 之间的协方差定义为：

协方差表示的是两个变量的总体的误差，这与只表示一个变量误差的方差不同。 如果两个变量的变化趋势一致，也就是说如果其中一个大于自身的期望值，另外一个也大于自身的期望值，那幺两个变量之间的协方差就是正值。 如果两个变量的变化趋势相反，即其中一个大于自身的期望值，另外一个却小于自身的期望值，那幺两个变量之间的协方差就是负值。

In probability theory and statistics, covariance is a measure of how much two random variables change together. If the greater values of one variable mainly correspond with the greater values of the other variable, and the same holds for the lesser values, i.e., the variables tend to show similar behavior, the covariance is positive. For example, as a balloon is blown up it gets larger in all dimensions. In the opposite case, when the greater values of one variable mainly correspond to the lesser values of the other, i.e., the variables tend to show opposite behavior, the covariance is negative. If a sealed balloon is squashed in one dimension then it will expand in the other two. The sign of the covariance therefore shows the tendency in the linear relationship between the variables. The magnitude of the covariance is not easy to interpret. The normalized version of the covariance, the correlation coefficient, however, shows by its magnitude the strength of the linear relation.