反射望远镜是使用曲面和平面的面镜组合来反射光线，并形成影像的光学望远镜，而不是使用透镜折射或弯曲光线形成图像的屈光镜。

反射望远镜所用物镜为凹面镜，有球面和非球面之分；比较常见的反射望远镜的光学系统有牛顿望远镜与卡塞格林望远镜。

反射望远镜的性能很大程度上取决于所使用的物镜。通常使用的球面物镜具有容易加工的特点，但是如果所设计的望远镜焦比比较小，则会出现比较严重的光学球面像差；这时，由于平行光线不能精确的聚焦于一点，所以物像将会变得模糊。因而大口径，强光力的反射望远镜的物镜通常采用非球面设计，最常见的非球面物镜是抛物面物镜。由于抛物面的几何特性，平行于物镜光轴的光线将被精确的汇聚在焦点上，因而能大大改善像质。但即使是抛物面物镜的望远镜仍然会存在轴外像差。

A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is an optical telescope which uses a single or combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image. The reflecting telescope was invented in the 17th century as an alternative to the refracting telescope which, at that time, was a design that suffered from severe chromatic aberration. Although reflecting telescopes produce other types of optical aberrations, it is a design that allows for very large diameter objectives. Almost all of the major telescopes used in astronomy research are reflectors. Reflecting telescopes come in many design variations and may employ extra optical elements to improve image quality or place the image in a mechanically advantageous position. Since reflecting telescopes use mirrors, the design is sometimes referred to as a "catoptric" telescope.