The first is action to boost aggregate demand.

首先是提针总需求的举措。

Policymakers want to tighten financial conditions--such as lending standards, interest costs or money-market liquidity-in order to reduce aggregate demand and cool price rises.

政策制定者希望收紧金融环境--如贷款标准、利息成本或货币市场流动性--以减少总需求并为价格上涨降温。

Foreign investment matters more for market rates; aggregate demand matters less.

外国投资对市场利率影响更大；总需求的影响较小。

The aggregate demand function relates any given level of employment to the 'proceeds' which that level of employment is expected to realise.

总需求函数将任何给定的就业水平与该就业水平预期实现的“收益”联系起来。

For the way in which we suppose the increase in aggregate demand to be distributed between different commodities may considerably influence the volume of employment.

因为我们假设总需求的增加在不同商品之间的分配方式可能会显着影响就业量。

It is invalid, therefore, to transfer the argument to industry as a whole unless we also transfer our assumption that the aggregate effective demand is fixed.

因此，将论点转移到整个行业是无效的， 除非我们也转移我们的假设， 即总有效需求是固定的。

The value of D at the point of the aggregate demand function, where it is intersected by the aggregate supply function, will be called the effective demand.

总需求函数与总供给函数相交点处的 D 值称为有效需求。

It is reasonable, therefore, further to assume that corresponding to a given level of aggregate effective demand there is a unique distribution of it between different industries.

因此，进一步假设对应于给定的总有效需求水平，不同行业之间存在独特的分布是合理的。

Thus we can-equally well, and, perhaps, better-consider the individual's aggregate demand for money in given circumstances as a single decision, though the composite result of a number of different motives.

因此，我们可以——同样好，也许更好——将给定情况下个人对货币的总需求视为一个单一的决定，尽管是许多不同动机的综合结果。

So far we have established the preliminary conclusion that the volume of employment is determined by the point of intersection of the aggregate supply function with the aggregate demand function.

至此，我们初步建立了就业量由总供给函数与总需求函数的交点决定的结论。

But, in the main, it is the part played by the aggregate demand function which has been overlooked; and it is to the aggregate demand function that we shall devote Books III and IV.

但是，总的来说，人们忽视了总需求函数所起的作用；我们将在第三卷和第四卷中讨论总需求函数。

In the same way employment may fall off without there having been any change in aggregate demand, if the direction of demand is changed in favour of products having a relatively low elasticity of employment.

同样，如果需求方向发生变化，有利于就业弹性相对较低的产品，则就业可能会下降，而总需求没有任何变化。

Though an individual whose transactions are small in relation to the market can safely neglect the fact that demand is not a one-sided transaction, it makes nonsense to neglect it when we come to aggregate demand.

尽管交易量相对于市场较小的个人可以安全地忽略需求不是单边交易这一事实，但当我们谈到总需求时，忽略它就毫无意义了。

For the demand schedules for particular industries can only be constructed on some fixed assumption as to the nature of the demand and supply schedules of other industries and as to the amount of the aggregate effective demand.

因为特定行业的需求表只能根据其他行业的需求和供给表的性质以及总有效需求量的一些固定假设来构建。

Thus Say's law, that the aggregate demand price of output as a whole is equal to its aggregate supply price for all volumes of output, is equivalent to the proposition that there is no obstacle to full employment.

因此，萨伊定律，即作为一个整体的产出的总需求价格等于其对所有产出量的总供给价格，等同于充分就业没有障碍的命题。

Nicolas Brusson, the boss of BlaBlaCar, which started as a Parisian service to arrange shared car rides between cities, aims to turn it into a " multimodal platform" that also aggregates demand for buses and perhaps even trains globally.

BlaBlaCar 的老板尼古拉斯· 布鲁森 ( Nicolas Brusson)最初是一家巴黎服务公司， 旨在安排城市之间的共享汽车出行，旨在将其转变为一个“ 多式联运平台” ， 同时汇集全球对公共汽车甚至可能是火车的需求。

For, unless he goes back to the definition, 'fluctuations in the real demand for labour' will convey to his mind the same sort of suggestion as I mean to convey by 'fluctuations in the state of aggregate demand'.

因为，除非他回到定义，否则“实际劳动需求的波动”将向他的头脑传达与我用“总需求状态的波动”传达的相同暗示。