配位化学中，配位数指化合物中中心原子周围的配位原子个数，此概念首先由阿尔弗雷德·维尔纳在1893年提出。 配位数通常为2-8，也有高达10以上的，如铀和钍的双齿簇状硝酸根离子U(NO₃)₆、Th(NO₃)₆，及最近研究的PbHe₁₅离子，该离子中铅的配位数至少为15。

此概念也可延伸至任何化合物，也就是配位数等同于共价键键连数，例如，可以说甲烷中碳的配位数为4。这种说法通常不计π键。

晶体学中，配位数是晶格中与某一原子相距最近的原子个数。配位数与晶体结构或晶胞类型有关，且决定原子堆积的紧密程度，体心立方堆积中原子配位数为8。最高的配位数为12，存在于六方紧密堆积和立方紧密堆积结构中。

In chemistry, crystallography, and materials science the coordination number of a central atom in a molecule or crystal is the number of its near neighbors. This number is determined somewhat differently for molecules than for crystals.

For molecules and polyatomic ions the coordination number of an atom is determined by simply counting the other atoms to which it is bonded (by either single or multiple bonds). For example, [Cr(NH₃)₂Cl₂Br₂] has Cr as its central cation, and has a coordination number of 6.