ADH affects the last two-thirds of these tubes, called the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts.

ADH作用于这些小管的终末2/3部分，即远曲小管和集合管。

Now, that calcium's still in the lumen, but parathyroid hormone also affects the distal convoluted tubule and increases calcium reabsorption.

这时，钙仍然在腔内，但甲状旁腺激素也会影响远曲小管，增加对钙的再吸收。

Macula densa cells are located in the distal convoluted tubule and they can sense when levels of sodium and chloride are low.

致密斑位于远曲小管，可以感受到钠和氯水平降低。

Now, that calcium's still in the lumen, though, but parathyroid hormone also affects the distal convoluted tubule and increases calcium reabsorption.

现在，钙仍然在腔内，但是甲状旁腺激素也会影响远曲小管增加钙的再吸收。

So when ADH is low, most of the water flows through the the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct, giving us diluted urine.

所以当血中ADH水平低时，大部分水就顺着远曲小管和集合管排出体外，尿液也就被稀释。

Some substances are removed from blood through the peritubular capillary network into the distal convoluted tubule or collecting duct.

有些物质通过管周毛细血管网从血液中移出，进入远曲小管或集合管。

These two make their way to the nephron of the kidney, and at this point in the proximal convoluted tubule, phosphate usually gets reabsorbed back into the blood via sodium-phosphate cotransporters.

随着这一对离子进入肾脏的肾单位之中，在近曲小管处，磷酸盐通常被重新吸收，经由钠-磷协同转运蛋白重新入血。

And this is called forced diuresis and it essentially overwhelms the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron with so much fluid that it's unable to effectively reabsorb solutes, including phosphate.

这叫强迫利尿，它会使近曲小管充盈大量液体，以至于不能有效地重新吸收溶质，包括磷酸盐。

Aldosterone is secreted in response to elevated levels of renin, and it's role is to bind to receptors on two types of cells along the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron.

肾素水平升高可刺激醛固酮的分泌，后者的作用是结合肾远曲小管中两种细胞上的受体。

After that, about 67% is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, and an additional 20% is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb, and that leaves about 13% of the initial amount, right?

之后，其中大概67%在近曲小管被重吸收，另外还有20%在粗支升段被重吸收，所以只剩下了原始量的13%，对吧。

Now, these two make their way to the nephron of the kidney, and at this point in the proximal convoluted tubule, phosphate usually gets reabsorbed back into the blood via sodium-phosphate cotransporters.

接下来，他们到达了肾小管的肾单位处，在近曲小管的这里，磷酸盐常通过钠-磷协转运蛋白被重新吸收到血液中。

Another example is Fanconi syndrome, which is where the proximal convoluted tubule essentially loses its capacity to reabsorb a variety of solutes - including phosphate - once again letting it get excreted in the urine.

另一个例子是范可尼综合征，即近曲小管基本上失去了重新吸收各种溶质（包括磷酸盐）的能力，导致磷酸盐通过尿液排出。