康普顿伽玛射线天文台（Compton Gamma Ray Observatory，缩写为CGRO）是美国宇航局于1991年发射的一颗伽玛射线天文卫星，是大型轨道天文台计划的第二颗卫星。它以在伽玛射线领域做出重要贡献的美国物理学家康普顿的名字命名，目的是观测天体的伽玛射线辐射。

康普顿伽玛射线天文台于1991年4月5日由亚特兰蒂斯号航天飞机搭载升空，运行在450公里高的近地轨道上，为的是避免范艾伦辐射带的影响。

康普顿伽玛射线天文台重约17吨，其中天文仪器重约7吨，在当时是用航天飞机发射的最重的民用航天器。卫星上搭载的主要观测仪器有：

The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) was a space observatory detecting light from 20 keV to 30 GeV in Earth orbit from 1991 to 2000. It featured four main telescopes in one spacecraft, covering X-rays and gamma rays, including various specialized sub-instruments and detectors. Following 14 years of effort, the observatory was launched from Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS-37 on April 5, 1991, and operated until its deorbit on ******, 2000. It was deployed in low earth orbit at 450 km (280 mi) to avoid the Van Allen radiation belt. It was the heaviest astrophysical payload ever flown at that time at 17,000 kilograms (37,000 lb).