担保物权（德语：Pfandrecht；法语：sureté réelle；日语：担保物権）乃为担保债权实现而在一定程度上设定的物权，与用益物权共同被称作限制物权。用益物权的目的在于物的使用价值，而担保物权最终通过将标的物出卖而获得的金钱用于实现债权。担保物权分为根据法律规定而产生的法定担保物权以及根据契约而产生的约定担保物权。在民法上所规定的留置权和优先权属于法定担保物权，而抵押权和质权属于约定担保物权。此外，随着经济活动的多样化，目前出现了让与担保，所有权保留等多种非典型担保方式。

各种担保物权的共性，有附随性，不可分性，物上代位性（留置权无）等性质。

In lending agreements, collateral is a borrower's pledge of specific property to a lender, to secure repayment of a loan. The collateral serves as protection for a lender against a borrower's default—that is, it can be used to offset the loan to any borrower failing to pay the principal and interest under the terms of a loan obligation. If a borrower does default on a loan (due to insolvency or other event), that borrower forfeits (gives up) the property pledged as collateral, with the lender then becoming the owner of the property. In a typical mortgage loan transaction, for instance, the real estate being acquired with the help of the loan serves as collateral. Should the buyer fail to pay the loan under the mortgage loan agreement, the ownership of the real estate is transferred to the bank. The bank uses the legal process of foreclosure to obtain real estate from a borrower who defaults on a mortgage loan obligation. A pawnbroker is an easy and common example of a business that may accept a wide range of items as collateral rather than accepting only cash.