认知神经科学（英语：Cognitive neuroscience）是一门科学学门，旨在探讨认知历程的生物学基础。主要的目标为阐明心理历程的神经机制，也就是大脑的运作如何造就心理或认知功能。认知神经科学为心理学和神经科学的分支，并且横跨众多领域，例如生理心理学、神经科学、认知心理学和神经心理学。认知神经科学以认知科学的理论以及神经心理学、神经科学及计算机模型的实验证据为基础。

由于其跨领域的特性，认知神经科学家的背景除了上述提到的学科之外，还有来自神经生物学、神经化学、精神病学、神经学、内分泌学、有机化学、物理学、语言学、哲学和数学等学门。

Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain with regard to mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both psychology and neuroscience, overlapping with disciplines such as physiological psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neuropsychology, and computational modeling.