认知行为治疗（Cognitive Behavioral Therapy，简称 CBT）是一种心理治疗的取向、一种谈话治疗，以目标导向与系统化的进程，解决丧失功能的情绪、行为与认知问题。不同的治疗方式，如行为治疗、认知治疗，以及其他依照基本的行为和认知研究组合而成的疗法，都可以称为「认知行为治疗」。

实证研究表明，认知行为治疗可以有效治疗多种问题，包括情感性疾患、焦虑性疾患、人格疾患、饮食疾患、物质滥用、精神病性疾患。治疗方法常常是依照手册，运用特别的技巧指示、直接处理问题，且针对特定疾患进行有时效性的处遇。认知行为治疗常用于个人治疗及团体治疗，这些技巧经过改编后，也常应用在心理自助上。有些临床和研究人员偏重认知导向（如认知重建），另一些人则偏重行为导向（如暴露治疗）。其他的介入措施则结合了两者（如想像暴露治疗）。

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy. It was originally designed to treat depression, but is now used for a number of mental disorders.

It works to solve current problems and change unhelpful thinking and behavior. The name refers to behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and therapy based upon a combination of basic behavioral and cognitive principles. Most therapists working with patients dealing with anxiety and depression use a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapy. This technique acknowledges that there may be behaviors that cannot be controlled through rational thought, but rather emerge based on prior conditioning from the environment and other external and/or internal stimuli. CBT is "problem-focused" (undertaken for specific problems) and "action-oriented" (therapist tries to assist the client in selecting specific strategies to help address those problems), or directive in its therapeutic approach. It is different from the more traditional, psychoanalytical approach, where therapists look for the unconscious meaning behind the behaviors and then diagnose the patient. Instead, behaviorists believe that disorders, such as depression, have to do with the relationship between a feared stimulus and an avoidance response, resulting in a conditioned fear, much like Ivan Pavlov. Cognitive therapists believed that conscious thoughts could influence a person’s behavior all on its own. Ultimately, the two theories were combined to create what is now known as cognitive behavioral therapy.