球杆菌（英语：coccobacillus 复数时：coccobacilli）是一种形状介于球菌、杆菌之间的微生物。它的形状是非常短的杆形，因而常常被误认为球菌。流感嗜血杆菌，阴道加德纳菌和沙眼衣原体均为球杆菌。Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans菌是一种普遍存于牙龈菌斑上的革兰氏阴性菌，它也是球杆菌的一员。同属球杆菌的不动杆菌菌株可在固体培养基上生长。可诱发百日咳的百日咳杆菌同样是球杆菌。在医学上具有重要地位、能诱发布氏杆菌病的布氏杆菌，以及同样在医学上具有重要地位、在第三世界国家常见的能诱发软下疳的、属于革兰氏阴性菌的杜克雷嗜血杆菌也是球杆菌家族的一员。

A coccobacillus (plural coccobacilli) is a type of bacterium with a shape intermediate between cocci (spherical bacteria) and bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria). Coccobacilli, then, are very short rods which may be mistaken for cocci. Haemophilus influenzae, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Chlamydia trachomatis are coccobacilli. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative coccobacillus prevalent in subgingival plaques. Acinetobacter strains may grow on solid media as coccobacilli. Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus responsible for causing whooping cough.