尼尔斯·亨利克·阿贝尔（Niels Henrik Abel，1802年8月5日－1829年4月6日），挪威数学家，开启许多领域的研究，以证明悬疑余两百五十年五次方程的根式解的不可能性和对椭圆函数的研究中提出阿贝尔方程序而闻名。

生于挪威芬岛附近的 Nedstrand，就读于奥斯陆大学。1825年得到政府资助，游学柏林和巴黎。尽管阿贝尔成就极高，却生前不得志，无法获得教席俾专心研究，最后因过度贫穷染上肺结核逝世于挪威的弗鲁兰。死后两天，来自柏林的聘书才寄到家中。跟同样早逝的伽罗华一同被奉为群论的先驱。现代有以他名字命名的阿贝尔奖。

Niels Henrik Abel (Norwegian: [ˈɑːbɛl]; 5 August 1802 – 6 April 1829) was a Norwegian mathematician who made pioneering contributions in a variety of fields. His most famous single result is the first complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation in radicals. This question was one of the outstanding open problems of his day, and had been unresolved for 250 years. He was also an innovator in the field of elliptic functions, discoverer of Abelian functions. Despite his achievements, Abel was largely unrecognized during his lifetime; he made his discoveries while living in poverty and died at the age of 26.