Children with a tumor in the adrenal medulla can have a large, painful abdominal mass that causes abdominal swelling.

肿瘤长在肾上腺髓质的患儿会出现巨大且疼痛的腹部包块，造成腹部肿胀。

The sympathetic neurons releases norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, and the cells of the adrenal medulla release norepinephrine and epinephrine, also called adrenaline.

交感神经元释放去甲肾上腺素，而肾上腺髓质细胞释放去甲肾上腺素与肾上腺素。

In the lumbar region, neural crest cells differentiate into the cells of the adrenal medulla, the inner part of the adrenal gland that sits atop the kidneys.

在腰椎节段，神经嵴细胞分化成肾上腺髓质细胞，位于肾脏上方的肾上腺内部。

Alright, as a quick recap, neuroblastoma is a condition where neural crest cells of the developing sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla do not differentiate normally.

好！简单回顾一下：神经母细胞瘤是由于发育中的交感神经链和肾上腺髓质的神经嵴细胞没有正常分化。

Together, the sympathetic chain and adrenal medulla form the sympathetic nervous system, connecting the brain and central nervous system to various organs including the heart and blood vessels.

交感神经链和肾上腺髓质一起组成了交感神经系统，将大脑和中枢神经系统与各器官连接起来，包括心脏和血管。

Therefore, this response that acts primarily on the cardiovascular system is mediated directly via impulses transmitted through the sympathetic nervous system and indirectly via catecholamines secreted from the adrenal medulla.

因此这种反应主要作用于心血管系统，通过交感神经系统直接介导，或通过肾上腺髓质分泌的儿茶酚胺间接介导。