趋化性（英语：Chemotaxis，亦被称为化学趋向性）是趋向性的一种，指身体细胞、细菌及其他单细胞、多细胞生物依据环境中某些化学物质而趋向的运动（详细请看细胞迁移）。这对细菌寻找食物(如葡萄糖)十分重要，细菌以此趋进有较高食物分子浓度的地方，或远离有毒(如苯酚)的地方。在多细胞生物中，趋化性对其发展和其他正常功能一样不可或缺。另外，已证实此机制会在癌细胞移转中被破坏掉。

正趋化性指趋向较高化学物质浓度的运动，而负趋化性则相反。

Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food (e.g., glucose) by swimming toward the highest concentration of food molecules, or to flee from poisons (e.g., phenol). In multicellular organisms, chemotaxis is critical to early development (e.g., movement of sperm towards the egg during fertilization) and subsequent phases of development (e.g., migration of neurons or lymphocytes) as well as in normal function. In addition, it has been recognized that mechanisms that allow chemotaxis in animals can be subverted during cancer metastasis.