传感器(Sensor)是能感受规定的被测量并按照一定规律转换成可用输出信号的器件或装置，通常由敏感组件和转换组件组成。

传感器是一种物理装置或生物器官，能够探测、感受外界的信号、物理条件（如光、热、湿度）或化学组成（如烟雾），并将探知的信息传递给其他装置或器官。“传感器”在新韦式大词典中定义为：“从一个系统接受功率，通常以另一种形式将功率送到第二个系统中的器件”。根据这个定义，传感器的作用是将一种能量转换成另一种能量形式，所以不少学者也用“换能器－Transducer”来称谓“传感器－Sensor”。

In the broadest definition, a sensor is an object whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment, and then provide a corresponding output. A sensor is a type of transducer; sensors may provide various types of output, but typically use electrical or optical signals. For example, a thermocouple generates a known voltage (the output) in response to its temperature (the environment). A mercury-in-glass thermometer, similarly, converts measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid, which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.